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    《秋思》

    《秋思》
     
    马致远
      
    枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。
     
     [赏析]
      马致远,号东篱,元代著名的杂剧家、散曲家,有“曲状元”之称。本篇被周德清誉之为“秋思之祖”。
      这首小令描绘了一个漂泊天涯的游子秋日黄昏行旅的图景,表现了游子悲秋怀乡、难以言喻的惆怅心情。
      前三句写景。第一句写缠绕着枯藤的老树上落着几只在黄昏中栖息的乌鸦,点染出萧瑟凄凉的秋色,从而引发一个飘零异乡、无所依归的旅人的一腔愁绪。此处虽不言愁却已是愁绪满纸。第二句突然转至一种色调明净、幽雅、宁静的境界:精巧的小桥,清澈的流水,幽静的人家。这些使人联想到家人团聚的亲切和幸福,从反面牵动了离人思乡的愁绪,怀念家园而不得归的思想感情也随之体现出来。第三句又写出三种景象,荒凉的古道上,刮起阵阵萧瑟西风,旅人骑着一匹瘦马,正在继续奔波。虽写景,但却非常巧妙地表现了人,并且透露出游子的身世。“瘦马”两字便表现出这是一个家境寒微的人,否则他也不会孤单一人骑匹瘦马在西风古道中奔波了。妙在用了一个“瘦”字。读者可以由此想象到旅人奔波不息的艰辛、困顿、和内心的悲愁。“夕阳西下”,指出游子奔波在古道上的时间,也给整个画面更增一层暮色苍凉的色调。“断肠人在天涯”是全曲的点睛之笔。“断肠”二字表达出游子愁思的深重,用“天涯”二字提示出游子离乡的遥远,从而点出主题——游子乡思。到此,各种景物有机地联系在一起,寓情于景,情景交融,以景达情,构成了一幅和谐的秋郊日暮羁旅图。
      开头的“鼎足对”,由九个名词,九种景物有机地连缀在一起,构成一幅萧瑟苍凉的秋景。此曲语言凝炼自然,明白如话,内涵丰富,意境深远。王国维在《人间词话》中称之:“寥寥数语,深得唐人绝句妙境。”
     
     

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    Amywrote:
    ...断肠人 在天涯.
    Apr. 20

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